Closing post
Time to wrap up…
Two US economists have won the 2026 Nobel economics prize for their work developing models that help central bankers and finance ministers to stabilise their countries, avoiding long recessions and runaway inflation.
Robert Hall of Stanford University, California, and Michael Woodford of Columbia University, New York, were recognised for developing the “microeconomic foundations of macroeconomic stabilisation”, giving policymakers better tools to smooth out the peaks and troughs of their economies.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said it was recognising the pair for generating “a paradigm shift in stabilisation policy”, awarding them the prize worth a combined $1.2m (£900,000).
“New Keynesian models, a result of their research, allow us to explain and quantify how stabilisation policy affects business cycles and are now used by central banks and finance ministries around the world,” the academy said.
Here’s the full story:
In other news….
The EU is to limit the number of hybrid electric vehicles imported from China to 350,000 cars a year.
Artificial intelligence is less regulated than milk and washing machines, the president of Microsoft has said, as the tech industry warns over the safety of AI.
Millions of British van drivers face a combined £2.5bn cost to cover the rising price of diesel this year, according to figures, fuelling calls for the government to scrap its planned fuel duty rise.
John Healey has been warned by Britain’s leading tax and spending experts that his budget risks being a “work of fiction” unless he sets out plans to cover £35bn in spending pressures.
The euro is having a bad day, dropping to a 16-month low against the pound.
Expectations that the Bank of England will raise interest rates next month appear to have lifted the pound to €1.1836, the highest since June 2025.
Enrique Díaz-Alvarez, chief economist at global financial services firm Ebury, says:
“The sterling rally against the common currency continues to hit fresh 16-month highs, with the pound also stabilising against the US dollar.
“As in the previous week, this was more about the euro’s troubles than about any good news in Britain. Markets increasingly expect the Bank of England to raise rates at its 5th November meeting and we concur, though we still see this as no more than a one off insurance hike. We will this week hear from MPC members Mann, Greene and Pill - the three members who voted for a hike in September.
Back in the financial markets, the oil price is pushing higher after Saudi Arabia was hit by new attacks.
Brent crude is now up 2% at $106.80 a barrel, after Saudi Arabia said it was facing a new barrage of incoming fire on Monday.
Riyadh airport remains shut after a deadly missile strike on a departure terminal on Saturday, that was claimed by Yemen’s Iran-allied Houthis.
HMV to quit historic Oxford Street store, again....
Away from the Nobel economics prize announcement….HMV is preparing to exit its London flagship on Oxford Street in March - just over three years after reopening there with great fanfair – as the landlord proposed doubling the rent.
The entertainment retailer said it was now seeking alternative sites on the capital’s main high street, or another central location, as it had been trading strongly, my colleague Sarah Butler reports.
The latest closure comes after HMV returned to the site in November 2023 after closing in 2019 leaving the store empty for an extended period before a brief stint housing one of many American candy stores that popped up on Oxford Street during the pandemic.
HMV, which currently has 114 stores under its own brand across the UK and a further six Fopp sites, said a proposed increase in rent which is already understood to be well over £1m a year – coupled with a requirement to fund substantial renovation works on the Oxford Street building – would make the store “commercially unsustainable”, leaving it with no choice but to seek an alternative site.
The store was HMV’s very first, and was opened in 1921 by Sir Edward Elgar, the British composer. Since then it has played host to a number of British bands, including a rooftop gig by Blur in 1995 and the Spice Girls’ Christmas lights switch-on the following year.
It is understood the Hong Kong-based landlord has signed a lease with an alternative tenant.
Phil Halliday, managing director of HMV, said:
“This is a special store, it’s where we began 100 years ago and bringing it back to life in 2023 was a big moment in our recent history. It’s frustrating that it has been made commercially unviable. However, we are looking ahead, and our focus is now on what we do to make exciting steps for hmv in 2027.”
He said sales were up by a quarter year-on-year at the Oxford Street store and 15% at established UK stores in the first nine months of 2026 as sales of both vinyl records and CDs continued to sell well and more shoppers came into stores.
“We have put together an offer that works across a number of generations,” Halliday added.
The retailer is expecting UK revenues to exceed £240m this year across the stores estate and website, up from £212m in 2025. The business now generates £50m of sales online and is upgrading its website backed by a new warehouse set to open next year.
“We’ve worked hard to make 363 Oxford Street a destination for pop-culture fans, bringing live performances, artist signings and a huge range of music and entertainment back to the heart of London. However, regardless of how much a location means to us, it has to make commercial sense.” Halliday said.
He said HMV intended to redeploy affected staff through other London stores and Head Office roles.
After learning of his success, Michael Woodford was asked during today’s press conference if any economic event or shock had ensured that his new framework had really stood up to the test.
Bloomberg has the details:
He cited how central banks adapted their toolkit to the global financial crisis of 2008 as they confronted a slump in demand that reductions in borrowing costs on their own couldn’t solve.
“Forward guidance about policy, so making more explicit statements about the likely future path of interest rate policy as opposed to relying on simply being able to cut interest rates further immediately — that was an important part of the policy response,” he said.
“It did contribute to better stabilization. It didn’t magically solve the problem, but I think it was an important contribution.”
Here’s how John Hassler, chair of the prize committee, announced Hall and Woodford’s success this morning:
“The laureates’ work has provided us with a stable theoretical foundation for the models that are now used by central banks and governments around the world,”
“With them, we are better equipped to deal with shocks in the economy, such as energy crises or sudden changes in how much households consume.”
Over at FT Alphaville, Toby Nangle has described Michael Woodford is “probably the most famous New Keynesian economist”.
Nangle (formally a senior asset manager at Columbia Threadneedle) writes:
If you’re friends with at least one econ nerd, you’ve probably heard either love or hate for Woodford’s Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy dropped into dinner-party conversations. This is his reputation-defining tome, named cheekily to echo Knut Wicksell’s Interest and Prices, written more than a century previously.
Woodford basically rebuilt Wicksell’s insights around the relationship between interest rates and the economy’s natural interest rate using modern general equilibrium economics.
And today, almost all central banks run dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models incorporating Woodfordian insights, including the Fed, the ECB, the Bank of England, and the mother of them all: Sveriges Riksbank.
Just three women have ever won Nobel economics prize
Robert Hall and Michael Woodford’s success today means that 101 individuals have been awarded the economics prize, but only three are women.
The first, Elinor Ostrom, was in 2009, when she was recognised for her work exploring how people come together to preserve their collective resources.
Esther Duflo followed a decade later, for work on an experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.
The third, Harvard professor Claudia Goldin, won in 2023 in recognition of her groundbreaking work examining wage inequality between men and women.
Following today’s announcement, the Nobel prize for economics has now been awarded on 58 occasions.
That dates back to 1969, when Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen won it “for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes”.
The oldest winner was Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 in 2007 when he won alongside Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson “for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”.
The youngest remains Esther Duflo, who was just 46 in 2019 when she shared the prize with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer. “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty” (as we blogged here).
Praise for Woodford and Hall is starting to pour in
Analytics company Clarivate, which had awarded both Robert Hall and Michael Woodford one of its Citations Laureate – given to those who are considered likely to win the Nobel Prize due to their research expertise – says today’s award is certainly merited.
David Pendlebury, head of research analysis, institute for scientific information at Clarivate, explains:
“We are delighted to see both Robert Hall and Michael Woodford recognized with this year’s Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences. Hall was named a Citation Laureate in 2017 and Woodford earlier this year in 2026, reflecting the exceptional influence of their research. Their work has fundamentally shaped modern thinking about economic stabilization, productivity, economic fluctuations and the role of monetary policy in supporting economic growth and stability.
Looking at the publication record in the Web of Science, we see the enduring impact of their contributions. Their research has influenced generations of economists and helped inform economic policymaking around the world, demonstrating how foundational ideas can shape both academic understanding and real-world decision-making for decades.”
Economics professor Costas Milas of the University of Liverpool says Woodford’s work has lessons for UK policymakers today, as they try to unwind the stimulus measures implemented since the financial crisis.
He tells us:
I am very pleased Robert Hall and Michael Woodford have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics.
Michael Woodford’s work on Quantitative Easing (QE) policies, in particular, is very informative as it assesses the benefits of QE for financial stability by taking into account different assumptions about macro-prudential stability and whether interest rates are close to zero or not.
In essence, this is a very useful scenario-type of analysis that my co-author Christopher Mahon (visiting fellow at the Open University Business School) and I are now advocating in our new LSE Business Review blog which argues that Quantitative Tightening policies in the UK should rely on scenario testing to assess how alternative balance-sheet strategies perform cost-wise if interest rates follow different paths.
How Hall created the fresh-water and salt-water economic divide
Robert Hall is also famous for coining the fresh water vs. salt water split in American macroeconomics.
This divide is both ideological and geographical.
A fresh water economist, Hall wrote 50 years ago, believes that economic fluctuations are largely attributable to supply shifts, and that the government is essentially incapable of affecting the level of economic activity. This leads to a belief in free markets, neoclassical price theory, rational expectations, and monetarism.
Freshwater economists tend to be based at inland universities located near the North American Great Lakes, such as the University of Chicago.
The salt water view holds shifts in demand responsible for fluctuations and thinks government policies (at least monetary policy) is capable of affecting demand, Hall argued.
Salt water economists thrive at the US coastal universities, such as Harvard, MIT, UC Berkeley, Yale, Princeton, UCLA, and Columbia.
On his page at Stanford, Hall writes:
In a 1976 paper, I introduced the distinction between fresh-water and salt-water economists. Bloggers using these terms are asked to contribute $1 to a fund that sends graduate students to MIT for one year and to the University of Minnesota for a second year.
[The cheque is in the post, sir].
Who are our latest Nobel Economics laureates?....
Michael Woodford was born in 1955 in Chicopee, Massachusetts.
He’s based at Columbia University, New York, where he’s the John Bates Clark Professor of Political Economy.
According to Columbia:
Woodford has been a MacArthur Fellow and a Guggenheim Fellow, and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as a Fellow of the Econometric Society, of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory, and of the Society for Economic Measurement, a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (Cambridge, Mass.), a Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (London), and a Fellow of the CESifo Research Network (Munich).
He was the 2007 recipient of the Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics, the 2018 recipient of the Banque de France/TSE Prize in Monetary Economics, and the 2024 recipient of the Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize in Economics.
Robert Hall, the older of the pair, was born in 1943 in Palo Alto, California (the birth place of Silicon Valley).
Hall is based at Stanford University, California, where he’s the Robert and Carole McNeil Joint Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, and professor in the department of economics.
On Stanford’s website, Hall describes himself as “an applied economist with interests in employment, inflation, technology, competition, and economic policy in the aggregate economy and in particular markets.”
That work has included developing a framework for equitable and efficient consumption taxation, research into economic fluctuations and growth, and advising a number of government agencies on national economic policy.
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Woodford: I'm elated
Michael Woodford is now speaking to the Nobel prize commitee, by telephone.
He says he’s “elated”, as winning the prize is “a tremendous honour”.
“It’s a surprise, but I’m feeling very good about it,” he adds.
Woodford now explaining how the 2008 financial crisis stretched the limits of traditional monetary policy, as interest rates fell to record lows, while unemployment was too high and aggregate spending was too low.
This meant other tools were needed, and one was ‘forward guidance’ about policy – more explicit statements about the future path of interest rates.
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How Hall and Woodford's work on microfoundations won Nobel Prize
Robert Hall and Michael Woodford, who are both Americans, have been recognised for their work helping global policymakers to smooth out the highs and lows of economic cycles, through a branch of economics known as the New Keynesian paradigm.
Their models have “significantly improved our ability to implement effective stabilisation policy”, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences say.
This has allowed “well-timed fiscal and monetary policy measures” to reduce the economy’s peaks and troughs.
This work built on John Maynard Keynes’s work showing how policymakers could stimulate demand when it is too low and slowing it when it’s too high.
Keynes’s work struggled during the oil crises of the 1970s, which strained its assumption that the relationship between the macroeconomic variables was stable.
Hall and Woodford, though, showed that such models have to be built on microfoundations- ie, from the bottom up, based on the behaviour of individual actors.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences say:
Robert E. Hall’s and Michael Woodford’s research has made us better equipped to manage economic downturns. They laid the foundation of the New Keynesian paradigm, in which models are built upon microfoundations, which means from the bottom up.
Economic outcomes are the result of millions of decisions made at the microlevel by households and businesses. Using models based upon this approach, rather than simply studying the economy from a macro perspective, like a bird’s eye view, Hall’s and Woodford’s research has generated a paradigm shift in the theory of stabilisation policy.
Explaining why Hall and Woodford have won the biggest prize in economics, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences say:
Economic development is characterised by alternating downturns and upturns. Stimulating or slowing down the economy at the right time can provide stability and allow us to avoid drawn-out recessions or runaway inflation. Robert E. Hall’s and Michael Woodford’s research has generated a paradigm shift in stabilisation policy.
New Keynesian models, a result of their research, allow us to explain and quantify how stabilisation policy affects business cycles and are now used by central banks and finance ministries around the world.
Nobel Prize for Economics awarded to Hall and Woodford
Newsflash: The Nobel Prize for economics has been awarded to Robert E Hall and Michael Woodford, for their work on the “microeconomic foundations of macroeconomic stabilisation”.
[Reminder: As we flagged earlier, Woodford was among the predicted winners – he’s one of the architects of modern forward guidance, the idea that central banks can control the economy through influencing public expectations about inflation, rather than just through interest rates.]
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is worth 12 million Swedish kronor (£900,000), plus the glory of course, and the knowledge that every pronouncement you make now comes with the authority of a Nobel Prize winner.
American economists Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford were jointly awarded the 2026 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 'for microeconomic foundations of macroeconomic stabilisation.' Photograph: Anders Wiklund/EPA
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Watch the Nobel economics prize announcement here
The winner of the Nobel memorial prize in economics, the final award in this year’s cycle, is expected to be announced in around 10 minutes time.
You can watch the announcement, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, here:
Reminder: The prize is formally known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Sweden’s central bank established it in 1968 as a memorial to Nobel, the 19th-century Swedish businessman and chemist who invented dynamite and established the five Nobel Prizes.
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AFP: Nobel watchers guess who gets economics' top prize
Monetary policy, technology, behavioural economics and development are among the fields tipped for this year’s Nobel economics prize, the AFP newswire report.
Last year, the economics award went to American-Israeli Joel Mokyr, France’s Philippe Aghion and Canada’s Peter Howitt for research into how technology drives and affects growth.
That makes another prize for the same field unlikely this year, according to experts interviewed by AFP.
“There is obvious horse-trading between factions in the (Nobel) committee: ’I support your candidate this year if you support mine next year,’” Richard Tol, an economics professor at the University of Sussex, told AFP.
For Tol, the committee has been “signalling” that Americans Colin Camerer and George Loewenstein will win this year, “perhaps with Matt Rabin”, pioneers in behavioural economics and how we make decisions.
Another “strong candidate” is Michael Woodford in the field of monetary policy, said David Pendlebury of research firm Clarivate, which predicts potential laureates by tracking highly cited academic work.
“It has been a while since that particular area has been recognised,” Pendlebury noted.
Looking at past laureates also shows that the Nobel committee tends to honour research about 20 to 25 years after publication, and Woodford’s key work was “a book published in 2003”.
There’s some movement in the Nobel economics prize betting, with around 45 minutes to go until the announcement.
Sidney Winter, the professor emeritus of management at the Wharton School, and Lawrence Katz, the Elisabeth Allison Professor of Economics at Harvard University, have both appeared high on Polymarket’s odds at times this morning (although the market is very volatile).
Winter is a pioneer of modern evolutionary economics – which criticised the traditional neoclassical idea that firms are totally focused on maximising profits. Evolutionary economics shows that they instead guided by routines, and that a process similar to biological natural selection weeds out winners from losers.
Katz studies labour markets, inequality, and the economics of social problems, and co-wrote The Race Between Education and Technology, a seminal economics textbook which analysed how the tension between the supply of skilled workers, and the demand for them, affected wages.
UK bond yields falling
UK government borrowing costs are dipping this morning, reversing a little of the damage caused by the bond sell-off.
The yield, or interest rate, on 10-year UK bonds is down 4 basis points (0.04 of a percentage point) to 5.41%, while 30-year gilt yields are also down 4bps to 5.91%.
This may reflect hopes that an energy ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine could pull down the oil price, easing inflation pressures….
… however, Ukraine have reported that Russia launched a targeted strike on a power plant in Kharkiv last night, shortly after Donald Trump declared the two sides had agreed to an “energy ceasefire”.
Our Europe Live blog has all the details:
EU sets cap on imports of hybrid EVs from China
Newsflash: The EU is to limit the number of hybrid electrical vehicles imported from China to 350,000 cars a year, senior officials have confirmed in Brussels.
Exports of hybrids have been soaring in the last two years with about 800,000 battery and plug in hybrids expected to be sold this year.
The EU expects that the quota will halve China’s market share, which currently stands at 6%, in a four-year agreement made in Beijing last week.
Recruitment firm Hays are suffering this morning after reporting a drop in fee income over the last three months.
Shares in Hays are down 9%, as traders digest the news that its net fees fell by 3% in July-September, driven by falling demand for permanent hires.
Hays, which earns revenue by successfully placing a candidate into a job opening, says there was “ongoing fragility in Northern Europe”.
Mark Dearnley, Hays’ chief executive officer, says:
In line with our expectations, the decline in Group net fees eased to 3% in Q1 driven by good Temp & Contracting growth in several of our countries. Perm activity remains mixed with sustained strong growth in North America but ongoing fragility in Northern Europe .
Our medium term targets can be achieved through our own actions and we were pleased to make continued good progress with our structural cost and productivity initiatives during the quarter.”
Stocks have opened higher in London this morning, where the FTSE 100 share index is up 53 points, or +0.5%, at 10,604 points.
Banks are leading the risers, with HSBC up 2.1% and Standard Chartered 1.8% higher.
The Fight Inequality Alliance is calling on finance ministers attending the IMF/World Bank meeting in Bangkok to consider debt cancellation measures to help the Global South.
They insist that “the era of austerity is over”, and demand an end to the lending rules that force governments to pay creditors before they pay for hospitals, schools and food.
FIA General Secretary Jenny Ricks said:
“The IMF and World Bank are legacy institutions still writing the economic rules for the rest of the world. Their austerity programmes force governments to cut funding from hospitals and schools while every dollar sent to creditors is a dollar taken from a classroom, a clinic or a family’s food budget. Cancel the debt, tax the super-rich, and stop making ordinary people pay for a crisis they didn’t create.
“Bangkok will deliver more of the same. The era of the IMF and World Bank is over. Workers, teachers, nurses and young people from Nairobi to Jakarta are already building an economy for the 99% and they are not waiting for permission”.
The FIA says it is calling for governments to:
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Cancel debt. Wipe out the debts crushing poorer countries, and make every lender take the hit, from banks and hedge funds to the IMF and World Bank.
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End austerity. No more cuts to schools and hospitals. Tax the richest instead.
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Tax the super-rich. Back a global tax on billionaires and the new UN tax treaty.
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Stop selling off public services. The World Bank should fund free public healthcare and education, not push their privatisation.
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Give poorer countries a real say. The IMF and World Bank are run by rich countries. Every country deserves a fair vote.
UK chancellor John Healey is pledging to push for more international cooperation as he heads to Bangkok for the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
The Treasury says Healey will use this week’s Annual Meetings to make the case that Britain and its allies can face of up to global shocks and must work together to limit the damage of conflict at home.
Healey says:
“The consequences of conflict in the Middle East and Europe are hitting countries worldwide, leading to higher prices at the pumps and more expensive mortgages at home, but Britain and our allies can face up to these challenges together.
“I will work with our international partners to keep trade moving, support families and businesses, and make Britain’s economy stronger and more resilient to deliver good growth in every postcode.
“My Budget will build on this approach with fiscal discipline helping to deliver economic resilience. This means breathing space for today, and hope for the future.”
IFS warns UK faces £35bn budget shortfall
The surge in inflation following the start of the Iran war has taken a bite out of the UK’s spending plans, the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) is warning this morning.
The IFS has calculated that chancellor John Healey is facing a funding gap of up to £35bn, as rising inflation has eroded the value of government departments’ cash budgets, and also driven up government borrowing costs.
They warn today that Healey’s budget later this month risks being a “work of fiction” unless he sets out plans to cover these spending pressures, including the demand to spend more on defence.
Here’s the full story:
Who might win the Nobel prize for economics today?
The biggest prize in economics, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, will be awarded today.
Known as the Nobel Prize in Economics (although it’s not one of the original Nobels), the winner(s) will be announced at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm from 10.45am UK time.
The prediction markets can give some indications about who is under consideration.
Leading the betting on Polymarket, at 30% this morning, is David Autor, professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Autor is a labour economist, who has examined how technology changes the world of work, and shown how computerization has increased skill-based wage premia in the US.
Another potential winner is Ariél Pakes, the Thomas Professor of Economics at Harvard University, currently a 19% chance on Polymarket.
Pakes’s work has focused on developing methods to empirically analyze market responses to environmental and policy changes, such as mergers and deregulation.
Pakes’s contributions to economics include the Berry–Levinsohn–Pakes (BLP) approach to demand estimation – which analysed how consumers choose between different producrs, and how a merger might push up prices.
Third, at 12%, is Susan Athey, the Economics of Technology Professor at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Athey, the former consulting chief economist for Microsoft, was the first woman to win the John Bates Clark Medal (awarded to the top economist under the age of 40). Her research work has focused on auctions, developing the empirical models which underpin them.
There’s also some interest in American macroeconomist and monetary theorist Michael Woodford (currently 10%) – he’s one of the architects of modern forward guidance, the idea that central banks can control the economy through influencing public expectations about inflation, rather than just through interest rates.
Introduction: UK business inflation pressures hits three-year high;
Good morning, and welcome to our rolling coverage of business, the financial markets, and the world economy.
Having missed out on the Nobel Peace Prize, again, Donald Trump is unlikely to trouble the scorers in Stockholm today when the economics equivalent is handed out.
Instead, Trump’s Middle Eastern conflict is proving – to no-one’s surprise – that high energy prices fuel inflation, and that geopolitical instability hurts growth.
Just this morning, a new report shows that UK businesses are facing the sharpest inflation pressures in three years, due to rising energy, fuel and raw material costs.
Accountancy and advisory firm BDO has reported that its inflation index rose to 103.65 in September, up from 102.18 in August and its highest reading since June 2023.
These elevated costs and weakening demand are putting renewed pressure on firms ahead of the Autumn Budget, BDO warns.
Their report has also found that output fell across UK manufacturing and services last month as domestic demand softened.
Scott Knight, head of growth at BDO, says:
“Businesses head into this Budget with one clear message: no surprises. Cost pressures continue to squeeze margins, hiring intentions are low and growth is starting to plateau.
Firms are not looking for grand interventions, but they do need certainty. Right now, concerns about further downside risks outweigh expectations of positive change.”
The oil price has dropped slightly this morning, though, after Trump declared that Ukraine and Russia have agreed to halt attacks on each other’s energy facilities following the US diesel-supply deal with Moscow announced on Friday night.
Brent crude had been down around 2% a few hours ago – but it’s now just 0.25% lower at $104.46 a barrel, a fairly small move really.
Kyle Rodda, senior financial market analyst at Capital.com, explains why:
A highly contentious US deal with Russia to allow the export of more diesel to ease pressure in the market for the critical industrial fuel helped slightly with optics.
But the true impact is piecemeal, especially as Middle East refining remains heavily compromised and Ukrainian forces strategically strike Russian refineries.
The agenda
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All day: Paris Motor Show
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From 10.45am BST: Nobel Prize for economics announced
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2pm BST: Russia’s trade balance for August
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